One of the main prerequisites of sustainable development to be Financial Inclusion which is regarded as a key factor of Financial development. By improving the efficiency of Financial markets and the effectiveness of Financial intermediation, Financial Inclusion not only strengthens Financial stability but increases having unrestricted access to investment fund and Financial services as well. Promoting Financial Inclusion and developing good governance are main but challenging priorities in the MENA region. Considering the importance of the matter, the paper empirically investigates the relationship between governance quality and the Financial Inclusion by using Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) during the period of 2004-2021 for the 15 selected MENA countries. To evaluate the influence, we take advantages of six governance indicators including control of corruption, voice and accountability, government effectiveness, political stability and absence of violence/terrorism, and rule of law. Also, for the Financial Inclusion index of the banking sector the number of ATMs, the number of commercial banks and Financial Institutions as well as Financial assistance provided by banks and lending institutions are used. Applying FMOLS technique was chosen to estimate the models in our study because of the results of the static and cointegration tests. Estimating the models indicates that the improvement of governance indicators, in general, significantly affects Financial Inclusion. In comparison with the variable of rule of law with the most favorable effect, voice and accountability has the least effect on Financial Inclusion. Among the control variables, the Financial stability index has a positive and significant impact, though population growth adversely affects Financial Inclusion in these countries.

The present study investigated the effectiveness of monetary policy and its consequences for Financially included and excluded households using a calibrated new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) for Iran. The impulse response function analysis suggests that although a significant part of the population is Financially excluded (about 45%), the contractionary monetary policy shock significantly reduces inflation and GDP. In addition, a contractionary monetary policy decreases the consumption of Financially excluded households more than that of Financially included households, because Financially included households can absorb this shock due to access to Financial instruments (services) and can, therefore, smooth their consumption more effectively than Financially excluded households. The comparison of the results obtained from our model with the full Financial Inclusion model suggests that expansionary monetary policy in full Financial Inclusion leads to higher output growth with lower inflation costs. Therefore, efforts to ensure full Financial Inclusion are recommended so that monetary policy can fully achieve its goals.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of corporate social responsibility on Financial performance, Financial stability and Financial Inclusion in commercial banks using the panel method with random effects during the years 2017 to 2021 and the research data from 17 listed and over-the-counter commercial banks accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange, which were selected after applying the desired restrictions, has been collected. In the first hypothesis, it was determined that social responsibility had a positive and significant effect on Financial performance in a commercial bank, and this means that corporate social responsibility activities create a positive perception in the minds of potential customers, which helps attract them and Finally, it leads to an increase in the performance of commercial banks, and in other words, it is a positive option in attracting investors in the stock market. In the second hypothesis, it was determined that social responsibility had a positive and significant effect on Financial Inclusion in commercial banks, and the increase in corporate social responsibility causes the growth of the number of ATMs and the number of bank branches, the availability of banking services and the growth of Financial Inclusion. In the results of the third hypothesis, it was determined that social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the Financial stability of commercial banks, and the increase in corporate social responsibility causes a stronger relationship between the bank and its customers and ultimately increases the stability and Financial stability of the bank.

Objective: In recent years, "Financial Inclusion" has become a topic of interest for Financial institutions, policymakers and researchers worldwide. This is due to the important role and position that Financial Inclusion can play in reducing poverty, inequality and improving the well-being of communities. Moreover, increased access to and use of Financial products and services leads to increased resilience to Financial and economic shocks and the empowerment of vulnerable groups such as women and villagers. This study investigates the effect of competition in the banking industry on Financial Inclusion. The findings of this study can lead to a better understanding of policy-making and planning in the banking sector to enhance Financial Inclusion. Method: In this study, the generalized method of Moments presented by Arellano and Bond (1991) has been used. It should be noted that one of the constant challenges in estimating econometric patterns is the possibility of false regression. Therefore, in the present study, Levin, Lin and Chou (2002) panel unit root tests were used to investigate the stationarity of variables. The data utilized in this study is related to 35 developing countries over the period 2004-2018. Due to the differences between data from different countries and with the aim of achieving a comparable benchmark between countries, the multidimensional indexing approach introduced by Sarma (2015) has been used to calculate the Financial Inclusion index. For measuring market power in banking industry, Learner index has been utilized. Other variables employed in this study, consisting of Financial depth, private credit and gdp per capita. Results: The results of this study indicated that increasing concentration (reducing competition) in the banking industry has a negative and significant effect on Financial Inclusion. Since this index is in the range of zero and one (the closer to one it indicates the existence of market power and monopoly in that industry), it can be said that in developing countries, due to the negative effect of reducing competition on Financial Inclusion, the greater the monopoly in the monetary and credit system, the less households have access to the money market and its formal alternatives to improve their Financial and credit needs. In other words, increasing market power leads to a decrease in the supply of loans and an increase in interest rates, and as a result, reduces borrowers' access to credit, which in a way confirms the hypothesis of market power. Conclusion: In developing countries, due to the negative impact of declining competition on Financial Inclusion, the greater the monopoly on the monetary and credit system, the lower the household access to the money market and its formal alternatives to meet their Financial and credit needs. The consequence of this process is the tendency of individuals to finance from informal sources, which also results in a reduction in Financial Inclusion in the economy. Based on this, it is suggested that banking policies and regulations be formulated in a way that can improve the Financial Inclusion situation and, consequently, its consequences on the main macroeconomic variables. Policies also need to consider the potential of using new technologies to improve Financial Inclusion. Moreover, it is suggested that Financial Inclusion in the upstream documents of the country be considered as a specific policy goal that requires the development of the National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS). Also, in line with the main research question, it can be stated that, instead of restricting competition, it is necessary to design the structure of the banking industry in an open way that increases the possibility of more competition of banks.

Financial Inclusion means that individuals and businesses have access to useful and affordable Financial products and services that meet their needs in a reliable and sustainable way. Reducing poverty and unemployment rate along with increasing economic growth are considered to be the most important advantages of Financial Inclusion. Given the importance of this subject, the concept of Financial Inclusion has been explained,moreover, a composite index has been developed to measure Financial Inclusion in this article. Using designed Financial Inclusion composite index (FICI), the Financial Inclusion measures have been calculated in each province of Iran and theses provinces have been ranked. The results show that Tehran, Semnan and Yazd provinces have the highest level of Financial Inclusion and Systan Balouchestan, Khouzestan and Western Azarbayejan provinces have the lowest level of Financial Inclusion. Finally, the parameters, which have lowered the rank of these provinces in reaching suitable Financial Inclusion index, have been studied.

In the present study, the relationship between Financial stability, quality of governance and Financial Inclusion has been investigated in developing countries with upper middle income in the period from 2004 to 2020. For the purpose of achieving this goal, the multidimensional indexing method and two-stage GMM have been applied. Moreover, two methods of estimation and Sobel are utilized to examine the mediating role of the Financial Inclusion in the relationship between the governance quality and Financial stability. The results showed that the Financial Inclusion and governance quality had a positive and significant impact on the Financial stability. The mediating role of the Financial Inclusion in the relationship between the governance quality and Financial stability has been confirmed by Sobel test statistics. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the rules and regulations should be reviewed by regulatory institutions in order to increase the Financial activities which improve the Financial Inclusion and maintain the improved Financial stability in the long run to reduce the negative effects of multiple regulations on Financial Inclusion.

The undeniable role of banks in aggregating and allocating Financial resources is possible and sustainable only when banks have Financial stability, especially when faced with Financial crises. One of the important and influential factors in Financial stability is Financial Inclusion. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of Financial Inclusion on Financial stability in Iran and selected Islamic countries for the period 2005-2020. The results of the model estimation with dynamic panel data show that Financial Inclusion has a positive and significant effect on Financial stability. In other words, when the number of ATMs, the number of bank branches, and the number of bank accounts with commercial banks are higher, the tendency and access of people to Financial services will increase,Thus, the amount of savings and deposits in banks increases, and this, in turn, enhances the ability of banks to cope with Financial crises and has a positive effect on their Financial stability. The high ratio of non-performing loans, cost-to-income ratio, and loan-to-deposit ratio also have a significant negative impact on Financial stability. Furthermore, the impact of macroeconomic variables on Financial stability is positive and significant. In other words, with rising inflation and GDP, the Financial stability of banks increases.

In the present study, the effect of Financial Inclusion on Financial efficiency and Financial sustainability in the period 2004-2018 for developing countries was studied using the multidimensional indexing method and two-stage GMM. Among domestic studies, no research has been done on the relationship between Financial Inclusion and Financial efficiency and sustainability, and the present study is the first study, and there are limited related studies abroad due to the novelty of the subject.In this context, the results showed that Financial Inclusion has a positive and significant effect on Financial sustainability (coefficient equal 0.009) and a negative and significant effect on Financial efficiency (coefficient equal 0.009). Based on research empirical evidence, Financial sustainability and Financial Inclusion can be achieved in the form of a common goal setting. In other words, policymakers, while maintaining the stability of the Financial system, can achieve goals in which more people benefit from Financial services. In contrast, the findings showed that measures and programs to develop Financial Inclusion can have side effects in the form of reduced Financial efficiency. This is due to increased participation in Financial markets, which ultimately leads to increased social costs of institutional deficits in each country.